(ngobaizixhumanisi eziyindilingaisetshenziswa ezicelweni ezidinga amandla njengezikhulisi zamabhakede ezitshalweni zesimende kanye nezithuthi zomlotha/zokuklwebha ezitshalweni zikagesi. Lezi zingxenye zidinga inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokuqina okuphezulu kobuso ukuze kumelane nokuguguleka kanye nomgogodla oqinile, othambile ukuze umelane nokushaqeka)
Umgomo ukudala ikesi elijulile, elizwakala kahle ngokwensimbi elihlanganiswe kahle nenhliziyo. Le nqubo ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile:
Isinyathelo 1: Ngaphambi Kokwelashwa (Ongakukhetha)
- Inqubo: Ukulungisa isimo.
- Inhloso: Ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle/ukushintshwa kwezixhumanisi zeketanga ezingavuthiwe.
- Ipharamitha Yokubhekisela: Shisa izixhumanisi ku-880–920°C bese uzivumela ukuthi ziphole emoyeni.
Isinyathelo 2: Ukufaka i-Carburizing
Lena inqubo eyinhloko lapho ikhabhoni isakazwa khona ebusweni. Ukugaywa kwegesi kuyindlela evame kakhulu futhi elawulekayo yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
- Inhloso: Ukucebisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngemva kokucisha.
- Izinga lokushisa: 880–930°C. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa njalo kubalulekile ukuze kube nokujula okufanayo kwecala.
- Umkhathi: Umkhathi ocebile ngekhabhoni, ngokuvamile igesi ye-endothermic ecebile nge-hydrocarbon efana ne-methane noma i-propane. Amandla ekhabhoni kumele alawulwe ngokucophelela.
- Amandla e-Carbon: Gcina ku-0.8–1.0% ukuze kufezwe ukuhlushwa kwe-carbon ebusweni okufanele kakhulu ukuze kube nokuqina okuphezulu ngaphandle kokudala ama-carbide amaningi.
- Isikhathi: Kunqunywa ukujula kwecala okufiswayo. Ukusabalala kuncike esikhathini. Isibonelo:
- Ukuze kube nokujula kwekesi elingu-1.0 mm: Cishe amahora angu-8-10.
- Ukuze kube nokujula kwekesi elingu-1.5 mm: Isikhathi eside ngokwesilinganiso.
- Ukucaciswa Kokujula: Kumaketanga asebenza kanzima, kudingeka ukujula okukhulu kwekesi.
- Umthetho Wesithupha: Ukujula okuncane kwe-carburizing okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-0.1 kunobubanzi bebha kuze kufike izikhathi ezingu-0.21 kunobubanzi bebha kuvame ukucaciswa abakhiqizi.
- Ukujula Okuphelele: Ngokuvamile kusuka ku-0.5 mm kuya ku-2.0 mm, kanti u-1.0–1.5 mm uvame ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-slag kanye ne-samente.
Isinyathelo 3: Ukucima
- Inhloso: Ukuguqula ungqimba olungaphezulu lwekhabhoni ephezulu lube yisakhiwo esiqinile, esingagugi se-martensitic.
- Okuphakathi: Uwoyela uyisicisha-mlilo esithandwayo salezi zinsimbi ze-alloy. Ukucima uwoyela kunikeza izinga lokupholisa elisheshayo ngokwanele ukuze kufezwe ubulukhuni obuphezulu ngenkathi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphambuka nokuqhekeka okuhlobene nokucima kwamanzi.
- Izinga Lokushisa: Uwoyela oshisiwe kusengaphambili ku-60–80°C uvame ukusetshenziselwa izinga lokupholisa elifanayo.
Isinyathelo 4: Ukulinganisela
- Inhloso: Ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okubangelwa ukucisha, ukunciphisa ukuphuka, nokufeza ibhalansi yokugcina yobulukhuni nokuqina.
- Izinga Lokushisa Nesikhathi:
- Ukuze kube nokuqina okuphezulu kobuso (isb., 58-62 HRC), fudumeza ekushiseni okuphansi okungu-150–200°C amahora angu-1-2.
- Uma kudingeka ubulukhuni obuphansi kancane kodwa ukuqina okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa elingu-400–450°C lingasetshenziswa.
Isinyathelo 5: Ngemva Kokwelashwa (Ongakukhetha Kodwa Okunconywayo)
- Ukubhoboza Ngesibhamu: Le nqubo ihlasela ubuso beketanga ngemidiya emincane eyindilinga, ibangela ukucindezeleka okusele okucindezelayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu amandla okukhathala, okubaluleke kakhulu kumaketanga abhekene nomthwalo ophindaphindwayo wokujikeleza.
Ukulinganisa Ukujula Kwekesi
Lolu vivinyo olubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba olufakwe i-carburing lujule ngokwanele ukumelana nokuguguleka ngaphandle kokuthi ikesi liwe ngaphansi komthwalo.
- Ukujula Kwecala Elisebenzayo: Lokhu kuchazwa njengebanga eliqondile ukusuka ebusweni kuya endaweni lapho ubulukhuni buwela khona enanini elithile, ngokuvamile i-550 HV (noma i-52 HRC).
- Inqubo: Ingxenye enqamulelayo yesixhumanisi seketanga iyapholishwa, iqoshwe (ngokuvamile nge-nital), bese ihlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Kwenziwa ukugoba kwe-microhardness ukuze kutholakale ukujula okuqondile lapho ubulukhuni buwela khona bufike ku-550 HV.
- Izindlela Zokwamukela: Ukujula kwecala elisebenzayo elilinganisiwe kumele kuhlangabezane nenani elincane elibekiwe (isb., ≥1.0 mm noma ngokomthetho we-`0.1 x ububanzi`) futhi kufane nxazonke kwesixhumanisi.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwensimbi
- Isakhiwo Esincane: Kusetshenziswa imakroskopu yensimbi ukuhlola ingxenye eqoshiwe. Umgomo uwukuqinisekisa icala le-martensitic elinezinhlayiya ezincane elinokuguquka kancane kancane liye esakhiweni esiqinile. Akufanele kube khona inethiwekhi ebalulekile yama-carbide omngcele wokusanhlamvu, angabangela ukuphuka.
Ukuhlolwa Kwemishini
- Amandla Okuphuka: Amaketanga esampula adonswa abhujiswe emshinini wokuhlola oqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ahlangabezana noma adlula umthwalo omncane wokuphuka ochazwe yizindinganiso ezifana ne-DIN 764 noma i-DIN 766 yebanga elifanele (isib. Ibanga 2 noma 3).
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-23-2026
