Esimweni esidinga kakhulu sezitshalo zesimende, ama-lifti amabhakede awagcini nje ngokuthembela emaketangeni aqinile ayindilinga kodwa futhi nasezixhumini ezibalulekile ezisebenza njengesixhumi esibalulekile phakathi kweketa namabhakede. Lezi zixhumi, ngokuvamile ezihambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN 745 kanye ne-DIN 5699, zingamabhuloho omshini adlulisela amandla okuphakamisa kusuka kuketangeni kuya emabhakedeni aphethe izinto ezihuquzelayo njenge-clinker, i-limestone, kanye nofulawa oluhlaza.
Abaholi bezimboni abafana ne-RUD, i-CICSA, kanye ne-Heko sebenesikhathi eside begxile kulezi zingxenye ezithuthukisiwe, besebenzisa izinqubo zokwelashwa kwensimbi ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokushisa ukuze bandise impilo yesevisi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu.
Imiklamo Ejwayelekile kanye Nezicelo
Imboni yesamente ilawulwa yizindinganiso ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuxhuma:
- Amaketanga e-DIN 745inomzimba owenziwe ngobumba wohlobo lwe-U onepuleti lebanga kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamantongomane, okwenzelwe izinyusi zeketanga eliphakathi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi, ezithwala umthwalo omkhulu. Lezi zixhumi zinamathisela ngqo amabhakede ezintanjeni zeketanga.
- Amaketanga e-DIN 5699inikeza iphrofayili eyisicaba kanye ne-geometry ehlanganisiwe, enezinduku ezinde ezinezintambo ezivumela amapuleti ebanga ukuthi afakwe phakathi kwebhakede kanye neketanga. Lo mklamo unikeza ukuphepha okungcono kokusebenza kanye nokumelana nokuphuka nokukhathala okuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-DIN 745, okwenza zifaneleke kakhulu ekuhlukanisweni kwebhakede kanye nezikhulisi ze-lifti ezincishisiwe ze-pitch circle diameter (PCD).
Zombili izindinganiso zenzelwe ukusebenza kahle ngezintambo zeketanga ezihambisana ne-DIN 764 kanye ne-DIN 766.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Nokwakhiwa Kwenqubo
Ngokungafani nokuvalwaizixhumanisi eziyindilinga, izixhumiifaka umklamo ovulekile onephini elisuswayo eliyisiphambano, okudala iphuzu lokugxilisa ukucindezeleka elingokwemvelo. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, izixhumi zekhwalithi ephezulu zikhiqizwa ngokufakwa kokukhanya okuqondile kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ze-alloy ezicolekile kahle. Izinto ezivamile zifaka insimbi engu-45# elapheka ngokushisa, izinsimbi ze-alloy ze-Cr-Mo (chromium-molybdenum), kanye nezinsimbi ze-alloy ze-Cr-Ni-Mo (chromium-nickel-molybdenum). Izinga lesixhumi elidingekayo linquma ukukhethwa kwensimbi ye-alloy ethile. Ukufakwa kokukhanya kuvumelanisa ukugeleza kokusanhlamvu nokwakheka kwesixhumi, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokukhathala ngaphansi kwemithwalo eqhubekayo yokucindezelwa kanye nomthelela ehlangana nayo emisebenzini yesitshalo sikamende.
Ukuqina Okubalulekile Nokulawula Ikhwalithi
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izixhumi zithola ukumelana nokuguguleka okufana nezixhumanisi eziyindilinga ezifakwe i-carburized, abakhiqizi abahamba phambili embonini basebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile zokuqinisa endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona izixhumanisi neketanga. Lokhu kungahlukaniswa kanje:
- Izixhumi eziqiniswe ngomphetho/eziqiniswe ngokufakwa: Eziqiniswe ngokufakwa zifinyelela emandleni okunamathela acishe abe ngu-950–1100 N/mm², kanye nokuqina okubangelwa ukufakelwa ezindaweni zokuxhumana ezifinyelela ubulukhuni bomphezulu obungu-600 HV1 (55HRC).
- Izixhumi eziqiniswe nge-case/carburised: Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilukhuni kakhulu, abakhiqizi abanjengoPewag banikeza i-carburised eyengeziwe, okufinyelela ubulukhuni bomphezulu obungu-750 HV1 noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni zokuxhumana ze-interlink.
Amapharamitha okulawula ikhwalithi abalulekile achazwe abakhiqizi abakhulu afaka phakathi ukujula kokuqina (≥0.1 × d), ubulukhuni bomphezulu (ubuncane 600–750 HV1), kanye namandla okuqinisekisa nokuphula alingana noma adlula lawo amaketanga amakhulu ahambisana nawo. Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwekhwalithi yomphezulu kanye namapharamitha okwelashwa kokushisa kuqinisekisa ukumelana nokukhathala okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke amaqoqo okukhiqiza.
Izinselele Zokusebenza Nokushintshwa Kwemisebenzi
Nakuba izixhumi zenziwe futhi ziqiniswe ngokukhetha ukuze zisondele emandleni ezixhumanisi eziyindilinga, zihlala ziyiphuzu elibuthakathaka kakhulu ohlelweni ngenxa ye-geometry yazo evulekile kanye nezinamathiseli ezinezintambo. Indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwesixhumi kanye nesixhumanisi seketanga ingenye yezindawo ezicindezeleke kakhulu ohlelweni lonke lwe-lifti, okwenza kube lula ukuguga, ukukhathala, kanye nokuxega kwamantongomane ngaphansi kokudlidliza okuqhubekayo.
Izindlela ezivamile zokuhluleka zifaka:
- Ukuguguleka kwendawo: Ukuguguleka ezindaweni zokuxhumana ezixhumanisayo, kunciphisa indawo ephumelelayo yokuhlukanisa izingxenye
- Ukuqhekeka kokukhathala: Ukucindezeleka okujikelezayo okuqalisa imifantu ezindaweni zokugxila ekucindezelekeni, okuqhubeka isikhathi eside kuze kube yilapho iphuka
- Ukukhululeka kwe-fastener: Ukukhululeka kwamantongomane okubangelwa ukudlidliza, okuvame ukuncishiswa ngama-self-lock nuts noma ama-spring washers
Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi, ukuxhumeka okunezintambo kumele kuvikelwe ngezinhlelo zokuvimba ezifanele, futhi amapuleti okude kumele afakwe kahle. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano ezizikhiyayo kanye nokumelana nokudlidliza okuqhubekayo kanye nemijikelezo yokushisa kuyizinto ezibalulekile zokuklama ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemboni kusikisela ukuthi yize iketanga ngokwalo lingase libe nokuphila kwenkonzo okulinganiswa ngamathani angamakhulu ezinkulungwane athwalwayo, izinamathiselo zamabhakede nezixhumi zingadinga ukushintshwa kusenesikhathi kakhulu. Olunye ulwazi lwasensimini lubonisa ukuthi izinamathiselo zamabhakede zingadinga ukushintshwa ngemva kokuphathwa kwamathani angaba ngu-400,000 ezinto, okumele ithuba elibalulekile lokuthi izitshalo zihlele ukulungiswa kokuvimbela nokunciphisa ingozi yokungasebenzi kahle okungahleliwe.
Izixhumi zeketanga lezixhumanisi eziyindilingakuyizinto eziklanywe ngendlela ehlelekile—ezivulekile ngomklamo kodwa ezidingekayo ukuze zibhekane nokungqubuzana okunzima, umthwalo oguquguqukayo, kanye nezindawo ezirhabaxa njengezixhumanisi ezivaliwe ezizihlanganisayo. Ngokufaka ngokunemba, ukukhetha izinto ezilungiselelwe, kanye nokuqina kwecala elikhethiwe (i-carburizing) ezindaweni zokuxhumanisa, abakhiqizi abaphambili njenge-RUD, i-CICSA, kanye ne-Heko bakhiqiza izixhumi eziletha ukusebenza okuthembekile ngaphansi kwezidingo ezinomthelela omkhulu, eziqhubekayo zama-lifti ebhakede lesitshalo sikasimende. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kokuguga ezindaweni zokuxhumana ze-interlink, ukuqinisekiswa kokuphepha kwe-fastener, kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni ngesikhathi ngokusekelwe ku-tonnage edluliswayo kuyimikhuba ebalulekile yokuvimbela ukwehluleka okubi kakhulu nokwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwesistimu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-24-2026
