Isu Lokuphathwa Kwe-AFC Chain Landisa Ukuphila Futhi Livimbele Isikhathi Sokungasebenzi Esingahlelelwe
Uchungechunge lwezimayiniingenza noma iphule umsebenzi. Nakuba izimayini eziningi ze-longwall zisebenzisa uchungechunge oluyi-42 mm noma ngaphezulu kuma-armored face conveyors azo (ama-AFC), izimayini eziningi zisebenza ngo-48-mm kanti ezinye zisebenza ngochungechunge olukhulu oluyi-65 mm. Ububanzi obukhulu bungandisa isikhathi sokuphila kochungechunge. Abaqhubi be-longwall bavame ukulindela ukudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-11 ngosayizi ongu-48-mm kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingama-20 ngosayizi ongu-65 mm ngaphambi kokuba uchungechunge lukhishwe ekusebenzeni. Uchungechunge kulezi zilinganiso ezinkulu luyabiza kodwa lufanele uma iphaneli lonke noma amabili angambiwa ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngenxa yokwehluleka kochungechunge. Kodwa, uma kwenzeka ukuphuka kochungechunge ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi, ukuphathwa kabi, ukuqapha okungafanele, noma ngenxa yezimo zemvelo ezingabangela ukuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka (i-SCC), imayini ibhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu. Kulesi simo, intengo ekhokhelwa lowo chungechunge iba yize.
Uma umqhubi we-longwall engasebenzisi uchungechunge olungcono kakhulu ngezimo zasemayini, ukuvala okukodwa okungahleliwe kungasusa kalula noma yikuphi ukonga kwezindleko okuqoqwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthenga. Ngakho-ke yini okufanele yenziwe umqhubi we-longwall? Kufanele anake kakhulu izimo ezithile zesayithi futhi akhethe uchungechunge ngokucophelela. Ngemva kokuthengwa kochungechunge, kudingeka asebenzise isikhathi esengeziwe nemali edingekayo ukuphatha kahle utshalomali. Lokhu kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu.
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kungandisa amandla eketanga, kunciphise ukuphuka kwalo, kunciphise ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, kwandise ukumelana nokuguguleka, noma kuthuthukise ukusebenza kweketanga. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa sekuyindlela yobuciko obuhle futhi kuyahlukahluka kumkhiqizi ngamunye. Inhloso ukuthola ibhalansi yezakhiwo zensimbi ukuze ivumelane kahle nomsebenzi wemikhiqizo. Iketanga eliqiniswe ngokuhlukile lingenye yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezisetshenziswa yiParsons Chain lapho umqhele weketanga uhlala kunzima ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nemilenze uma izixhumanisi zithambile ekwandiseni ukuqina kanye nokuguquguquka kwenkonzo.
Ukuqina kuyikhono lokumelana nokuguguleka futhi kuboniswa inombolo yobunzima beBrinell ngophawu lwe-HB noma inombolo yobunzima beVickers (HB). Isikali sobunzima beVickers siyalingana ngempela, ngakho-ke into engu-800 HV inzima ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kuneyodwa enobunzima be-100 HV. Ngakho-ke inikeza isikali esinengqondo sobunzima kusukela kobuthambile kuya kobunzima kakhulu. Kumanani obunzima aphansi, afinyelela cishe ku-300, imiphumela yobunzima beVickers noBrinell icishe ifane, kodwa kumanani aphezulu imiphumela yeBrinell iphansi ngenxa yokuphambuka kwe-ball indenter.
Ukuhlolwa Komthelela weCharpy kuyindlela yokulinganisa ubuthakathaka bento engatholakala ekuhlolweni komthelela. Isixhumanisi seketanga sinqunywa endaweni yokushisela esixhumini bese sibekwa endleleni ye-pendulum ejikayo, amandla adingekayo ukuze kuqhekeke isampula alinganiswa ngokunciphisa ukujikijela kwe-pendulum.
Abakhiqizi abaningi beketanga balondoloza amamitha ambalwa e-oda ngalinye lebhetshi ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhlolwa okugcwele okubhubhisayo. Imiphumela ephelele yokuhlolwa kanye nezitifiketi ngokuvamile kunikezwa neketanga elivame ukuthunyelwa ngamabhangqa ahambisanayo angama-50-m. Ukwelulwa kwamandla okuhlola kanye nokwelulwa okuphelele lapho kuqhekeka nakho kudwetshwa ngegrafu phakathi nalolu vivinyo olubhubhisayo.
Uchungechunge Oluhle Kakhulu
Inhloso ukuhlanganisa zonke lezi zici ukudala uchungechunge oluhle kakhulu, oluhlanganisa ukusebenza okulandelayo:
• Amandla aphezulu okubamba;
• Ukumelana okuphezulu nokuguguleka kwezixhumanisi zangaphakathi;
• Ukumelana okuphezulu nomonakalo we-sprocket;
• Ukumelana okukhulu nokuqhekeka kwe-martensitic;
• Ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe;
• Ukwanda kwesikhathi sokukhathala; kanye
• Ukumelana ne-SCC.
Kodwa-ke, asikho ikhambi elilodwa eliphelele, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuyekethisa. Iphuzu lokukhiqiza eliphezulu lizoholela ekucindezelekeni okuphezulu okusele, uma lihlotshaniswa nokuqina okuphezulu ukwandisa ukumelana nokuguguleka, lizophinde linciphise ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kokucindezeleka.
Abakhiqizi balwela njalo ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge oluzosebenza isikhathi eside futhi lusinde ezimweni ezinzima. Abanye abakhiqizi bahlanganisa uchungechunge ukuze babhekane nezimo ezigqwalisayo. Enye inketho uchungechunge lwe-COR-X, olwenziwe nge-vanadium, nickel, chromium, kanye ne-molybdenum alloy enelungelo lobunikazi elwa ne-SCC. Okwenza lesi sixazululo sibe esiyingqayizivele ukuthi izakhiwo zokulwa nokugqwala kokucindezeleka ziyafana kulo lonke isakhiwo se-metallurgical sochungechunge futhi ukusebenza kwalo akushintshi njengoba uchungechunge luguga. I-COR-X ifakazele ukuthi yandisa impilo yochungechunge kakhulu ezindaweni ezigqwalisayo futhi iqeda cishe ukwehluleka ngenxa yokugqwala kokucindezeleka. Ukuhlolwa kuthole ukuthi amandla okuphuka nokusebenza anda ngo-10%. Umthelela we-notch uyanda ngo-40% kanti ukumelana ne-SCC kunda ngo-350% uma kuqhathaniswa nochungechunge olujwayelekile (DIN 22252).
Kunezimo lapho uchungechunge lwe-COR-X 48 mm lugijime amathani ayizigidi ezingu-11 ngaphandle kokwehluleka okuhlobene nochungechunge ngaphambi kokuba luyekiswe ukusebenza. Futhi ukufakwa kokuqala kochungechunge lwe-OEM Broadband yiJoy emayini ye-BHP Billiton San Juan kwakusebenzisa uchungechunge lwe-Parsons COR-X olwakhiqizwa e-UK, okuthiwa lwathutha amathani afinyelela kuzigidi ezingu-20 ebusweni ngesikhathi sokuphila kwalo.
I-Reverse Chain Ukuze Yandise Impilo Ye-Chain
Imbangela eyinhloko yokuguguleka kweketanga ukunyakaza kwesixhumanisi ngasinye esiqondile sijikeleza isixhumanisi saso esivundlile esiseduze njengoba singena futhi siphuma ku-drive sprocket. Lokhu kuholela nasekugugulekeni okwengeziwe endaweni eyodwa yezixhumanisi njengoba zijikeleza ku-sprocket, ngakho-ke enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwandisa impilo yeketanga elisetshenzisiwe ukulijikeleza, noma ukulibuyisela emuva ngo-180º ukuze ligijime iketanga liye kolunye uhlangothi. Lokhu kuzobeka izindawo "ezingasetshenziswanga" zezixhumanisi ekusebenzeni futhi kuholele endaweni yesixhumanisi engagugi kakhulu futhi lokho kulingana nokuphila kweketanga elide.
Ukulayisha okungalingani kwe-conveyor, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, kungaholela ekugugeni okungalingani kumaketanga amabili okubangela ukuthi iketanga elilodwa liguge ngokushesha kunelinye. Ukuguga noma ukwelula okungalingani kunoma yiliphi noma womabili amaketanga amabili njengoba kungenzeka ngezinhlangano ezimbili zangaphandle kungabangela ukuthi izindiza zingalingani, noma zingahambi kahle njengoba zihamba zizungeze i-drive sprocket. Lokhu kungabangelwa futhi ukuthi elinye lamaketanga amabili liba buthakathaka. Lokhu mphumela wokungasebenzi kahle kuzoholela ezinkingeni zokusebenza, kanye nokudala ukuguguleka okukhulu kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona kuma-drive sprockets.
Ukucindezeleka Kwesistimu
Kudingeka uhlelo oluhlelekile lokuqinisa nokulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngemva kokufakwa izinga lokuguguleka kweketanga lilawulwa ngamaketanga womabili ande ngenxa yokuguguleka ngesilinganiso esilawulwayo nesifanayo.
Ngaphansi kohlelo lokulungisa, abasebenzi bokulungisa bazolinganisa ukuguguleka kweketanga kanye nokucindezeleka, bathathe indawo yeketanga uma seliguguleke ngaphezu kuka-3%. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu kuguguleka kweketanga ngokweqiniso, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ebusweni obude obungamamitha angu-200, ukuguguleka kweketanga okungu-3% kusho ukwanda kobude beketanga obungamamitha angu-12 ngentambo ngayinye. Abasebenzi bokulungisa bazophinde bathathe indawo yokulethwa nokubuyisela ama-sprocket nama-stripper njengoba lokhu kuguga noma konakala, bahlole izinga lebhokisi lamagiya kanye namafutha futhi baqinisekise, ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuthi amabhawodi aqinile.
Kunezindlela ezisungulwe kahle zokubala izinga elifanele lokucindezela futhi lezi ziyindlela ewusizo kakhulu yamanani okuqala. Kodwa-ke, indlela ethembeke kakhulu ukubuka uchungechunge njengoba lushiya i-drive sprocket lapho i-AFC isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo ogcwele. Uchungechunge kufanele lubonakale lubonisa ubuncane bokuxega (izixhumanisi ezimbili) njengoba lusuka ku-drive sprocket. Uma izinga elinjalo likhona, ukucindezela kudinga ukukalwa, kuqoshwe futhi kusethelwe ikusasa njengezinga lokusebenza lalolo buso oluthile. Ukufundwa kwangaphambi kokucindezela kufanele kuthathwe njalo futhi inani lezixhumanisi ezisusiwe liqoshwe. Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ngesixwayiso kusenesikhathi sokuqala kokuguga okuhlukile noma ukuguga ngokweqile.
Izindiza ezigobile kumele ziqondiswe noma zishintshwe ngaphandle kokulibala. Zinciphisa ukusebenza kwe-conveyor futhi zingabangela ukuthi ibha iwele emjahweni ongezansi bese igxuma phezu kwe-sprocket okubangela umonakalo kuzo zombili izintambo, i-sprocket, kanye ne-flight bars.
Abasebenzi be-Longwall kufanele bahlale beqaphile ngama-stripper eketanga agugile nawonakele njengoba engavumela iketanga eligoqekile ukuthi lihlale ku-sprocket futhi lokhu kungaholela ekuqhekekeni nasekulimeni.
Ukuphathwa Kweketanga Kuqala Ngesikhathi Sokufakwa
Isidingo somugqa omuhle wobuso oqondile asinakugcizelelwa ngokweqile. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka ekuqondeni ubuso cishe kuzoholela ekuziphatheni okuhlukile phakathi kwamaketanga aseceleni kobuso nawaseceleni kwe-gob okuholela ekugugeni okungalingani. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ebusweni obusanda kusungulwa njengoba amaketanga edlula esikhathini "sokulala".
Uma sekukhona iphethini yokuguguleka okuhlukile, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyilungisa. Ngokuvamile ukuguguleka kuyaqhubeka nokuba kubi kakhulu ngokuguguleka kweketanga elithambile ukuze kudaleke ukuguguleka okwengeziwe.
Imiphumela emibi yokugijima ngomugqa wobuso ongemuhle oholela ekushintsheni okukhulu ohlangothini ukuze kubonakale sengathi uhlangothi luhambisana nobunzima iboniswa ngokubukeza izinombolo. Isibonelo, udonga olude olungamamitha angu-1,000 olune-AFC chain engu-42 mm olunezixhumanisi ezingaba ngu-4,000 ohlangothini ngalunye. Ukwamukela ukuthi ukususwa kwensimbi yokuguga kwe-interlink kwenzeka kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zesixhumanisi. Uchungechunge lunamaphuzu angu-8,000 lapho insimbi iguga khona ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwe-interlink njengoba iqhutshwa futhi njengoba idlidliza ebusweni, ihlushwa ukushaqeka noma ibangelwa ukuhlaselwa okubolayo. Ngakho-ke, kukho konke ukuguguleka okungu-1/1,000 intshi sikhiqiza amasentimitha angu-8 okukhula ngobude. Noma yikuphi ukuhluka okuncane phakathi kwamazinga okuguguleka kobuso nohlangothi lwe-gob, okubangelwa ukungezwani okungalingani, kuyanda ngokushesha kube ukuhluka okukhulu ngobude beketanga.
Ukufakwa okubili ku-sprocket ngesikhathi esisodwa kungaholela ekugugeni okungafanele kwephrofayili yamazinyo. Lokhu kungenxa yokulahlekelwa indawo enhle ku-sprocket yokushayela okuvumela isixhumanisi ukuthi sishelele emazinyweni okushayela. Lesi senzo sokushelela sinqamula ku-link futhi sandisa izinga lokuguguleka emazinyweni e-sprocket. Uma sesimisiwe njengephethini yokuguguleka, singasheshisa kuphela. Esibonakalisweni sokuqala sokusikwa kwesixhumanisi, ama-sprocket kumele ahlolwe futhi ashintshwe uma kudingeka, ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo ubhubhise iketanga.
Ukuqina kweketanga okuphezulu kakhulu nakho kuzobangela ukuguguleka ngokweqile kokubili kuketanga naku-sprocket. Ukuqina kweketanga kudingeka kusungulwe ngamanani avimbela ukudalwa kweketanga eligoqekile kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo ogcwele. Izimo ezinjalo zizovumela imigoqo yokuskena ukuthi "isuswe" kanye nengozi yokulimala ku-sprocket yomsila okubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kweketanga njengoba ishiya i-sprocket. Uma ukuqina kweketanga kubekwe phezulu kakhulu kunezingozi ezimbili ezisobala: ukuguguleka okukhulu kwe-interlink kuketanga, kanye nokuguguleka okukhulu kuma-sprocket okushayela.
Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu Kweketanga Kungaba Umbulali
Umkhuba ovamile ukusebenzisa iketanga uqine kakhulu. Inhloso kufanele kube ukuhlola njalo ukuqina kwe-pretension nokususa uchungechunge olugoqekayo ngama-link aphindwe kabili. Izixhumanisi ezingaphezu kwezimbili zingabonisa ukuthi uchungechunge belugoqekile kakhulu noma ukususwa kwezixhumanisi ezine kungadala ukuqina kwe-pretension okuphezulu kakhulu okungabangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kwe-interlink futhi kunganciphisa kakhulu impilo yeketanga.
Uma sicabanga ukuthi ukuhambisana kobuso kuhle, inani lokucindezela ohlangothini olulodwa akufanele lidlule inani kolunye uhlangothi ngamathani angaphezu kweyodwa. Ukuphathwa kahle kobuso kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi noma yimuphi umehluko ungagcinwa ungadluli amathani amabili kuyo yonke impilo yokusebenza kweketanga.
Ukwanda kobude ngenxa yokuguga kwezixhumanisi (ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokungeyikho ngokuthi “ukunwebeka kweketanga”) kungavunyelwa ukuthi kufinyelele ku-2% futhi kusasebenza nama-sprocket amasha.
Izinga lokuguguleka kwe-interlink akuyona inkinga uma iketanga nama-sprocket kuhlangana ndawonye ngaleyo ndlela kugcina ukuhambisana kwazo. Kodwa-ke, ukuguguleka kwe-interlink kuholela ekunciphiseni umthwalo ophukayo wamaketanga kanye nokumelana nemithwalo yokushaqeka.
Indlela elula yokulinganisa ukuguguleka kwe-interlink ukusebenzisa i-caliper, elinganisa ngezigaba ezinhlanu ze-pitch bese isetshenziswa eshadini lokunwebeka kweketanga. Amaketanga ngokuvamile angacatshangelwa ukushintshwa lapho ukuguguleka kwe-interlink kudlula u-3%. Abanye abaphathi bokulungisa abaguquguquki abathandi ukubona iketanga labo lidlula ukunwebeka kuka-2%.
Ukuphathwa kahle kweketanga kuqala esigabeni sokufakwa. Ukuqapha okujulile nokulungiswa uma kudingeka ngesikhathi sokulala kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa impilo yeketanga ende nengenazinkinga.
(Ngenhlonipho ka-u-Ellton Longwall)
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-26-2022
