Emikhakheni yezokuthutha kanye nezokuthutha, ukuphepha kwempahla akuyona nje isinyathelo senqubo; kuyisithiyo esibalulekile phakathi kokulethwa okuphephile kanye nokwehluleka okubi kakhulu. Nakuba ngokuvamile kufana nokubonakalaamaketanga okuphakamisa,amaketanga okuboshwa kanye namaketanga okuboshwa(okubizwa ngokuthi amaketanga okuthutha) kufeza injongo ehlukile nebalulekile. Zenzelwe ngqo ukubopha imithwalo esindayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba, hhayi ukuphakamisa ngaphezulu.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ensimini, lezi zintambo zisebenza eduzeamaketanga okuphakamisamaqondana nemiphumela yokwehluleka—izingqinamba zifaka phakathi ukuphepha kwabantu kanye nobuqotho bempahla evame ukubiza kakhulu. Ingozi ebangelwa ukuphuka kweketanga ingaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu komuntu, ekulimaleni kwemoto, kanye nokulahlekelwa yimpahla iyonke. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yensimbi kanye nokunemba kokwelashwa kokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ihadiwe yodwa ayanele; indlela yokusebenzisa, eqondiswa yizimiso zobunjiniyela kanye nolwazi lwasensimini, idlala indima ebaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Kwa-SCIC (www.scic-chain.com), sihlinzekaukubopha nokubopha amaketangaekhiqizwa ngensimbi exubile yomsindo. Ingxenye ngayinye ihlolwa futhi ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asilethi nje umkhiqizo, kodwa nesiqinisekiso sokuphepha. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza imingcele ebalulekile, izinqubo zokusebenza endaweni, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibalulekile, kanye nezinqubo zokufaka esikhundleni ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile nangokuphumelelayo izintambo zokuhamba.
1. Amapharamitha Obunjiniyela Obuyinhloko
Ukuqonda imininingwane yobuchwepheshe beketanga kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokusetshenziswa okuphephile. Abaqhubi nabathengi kumele babheke ngale kobukhulu obubonakalayo beketanga futhi bahlaziye amaphuzu alandelayo edatha abalulekile, okumele abhalwe ngokucacile kuketanga noma kuthegi elihambisana nalo.
a) Umkhawulo Womthwalo Wokusebenza (i-WLL) vs. Amandla Okuphula
- Umkhawulo Womthwalo Wokusebenza (WLL): Lena amandla aphezulu ku-daN (dekaNewton) noma amakhilogremu avunyelwe uchungechunge olusha ukuwagcina ekudonseni okuqondile ngesikhathi senkonzo evamile. Lena umkhawulo "ophephile". Ngezicelo zokubopha, lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Lashing Capacity (LC).
- Amandla Okuphula (BF): Lawa amandla amancane kakhulu lapho uchungechunge luzophuka khona ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okubhubhisayo. Luphakeme kakhulu kune-WLL. Kusetshenziswa isici sokuphepha esijwayelekile (ngokuvamile esingu-4:1 samaketanga okuthutha), okusho ukuthi uchungechunge lunamandla ngokuphindwe kane kune-WLL yalo.
b) Izinga kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo
Amaketanga okuthutha esimanje enziwe ngensimbi ye-alloy, alungiswa ngokushisa ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo ezithile zemishini.
-Ibanga lesi-8 (isib., Ibanga lesi-80 noma lesi-100): Lena indinganiso yemboni yokubopha ngezibambo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Inombolo (80 noma 100) ibhekisela ezingeni lebanga, elichaza amandla okubopha.Uchungechunge lwebanga le-100inikeza i-WLL ephezulu ngobubanzi obufanayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Ibanga lama-80, okuvumela amaketanga alula nokuphathwa okulula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla.
- Ukwakheka Kwezinto: Insimbi ye-alloy kumele ibe nengqondo futhi ifane ukuze imelane nokucindezeleka okuguquguqukayo kwezokuthutha ngaphandle kokukhula kwama-micro-fractures.
c) Ubukhulu kanye nokulingana
- Usayizi Ojwayelekile (Ububanzi): Ubukhulu bentambo yensimbi esetshenziswa ukwakha izixhumanisi. Lokhu kuhlobene ngqo ne-WLL.
- Ubukhulu Bangaphakathi: Ubude nobubanzi ngaphakathi kwesixhumanisi kumele kwanele ukuvumela izingxenye zokuhlangana (ezifana nezingwegwe namaketanga) ukuthi zihlale kahle ngaphandle kokubopha.
d) Izingxenye Zesistimu
Uhlelo lweketanga lokunamathisela lungaphezu nje kwezixhumanisi zeketanga. Iphuzu elibuthakathaka kakhulu ohlelweni linquma umthamo ophelele.
- Izinto Zokugcina: Ama-hook (isb., ama-hook okubamba, ama-claw hook) kanye nama-shackles kumele abe ne-WLL okungenani elingana neyeketanga.
- Ama-Tensioner (ama-Ratchet noma ama-Lever): Lawa asetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa amandla adingekayo ngaphambi kokucindezela eketangeni ukuze kuqiniswe umthwalo.
2. Ukusebenza Endaweni: Ukuvikela Umthwalo
Ukusebenza kahle kudinga indlela ehlelekile. Amaketanga ezokuthutha angaphansi kwamandla "aqinile" (ukusheshisa, ukubhuleka, ukugoba) kanye namandla aguqukayo (ukudlidliza). Umgomo wokusebenza endaweni ukulwa nala mandla.
a) Ukuhlolwa Kwangaphambi Kokusetshenziswa
Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ngakunye, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kuyadingeka.
- Ukuskena Okubonakalayo: Bheka izixhumanisi ezigobile noma ezikhubazekile, ama-nick, ama-gouges, kanye nokugqwala okukhulu noma umgodi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezixhumanisi: Qinisekisa ukuthi izixhumanisi zigobeka ngokukhululeka. Ukuqina kwazo kungabonisa umonakalo wangaphakathi noma ukungcola.
- Ukuhlola Ihadiwe: Qinisekisa ukuthi izingwegwe azisontekile, ukuvuleka kwazo akukhuliswanga, nokuthi izibambo zazo zokuphepha (uma zifakiwe) zisebenza kahle.
b) Amasu Okusebenzisa
- Ukuqondisa Iketanga: Amaketanga kufanele aqondiswe ngendlela eqondile phakathi kwezindawo zokuxhuma emotweni nomthwalo. Gwema imiphetho ebukhali; uma iketanga kufanele lidlule ekhoneni elibukhali, sebenzisa izihlalo zamakhona ezivikelayo noma izivikeli zomphetho ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kwezixhumanisi.
- Ukusebenzisa Ukucindezeleka:
1. Namathisela uchungechunge ezindaweni zokubophela imoto kanye nasezindaweni zokubophela impahla (isib., izindandatho zokubophela).
2. Sebenzisa idivayisi yokuqinisa (i-ratchet noma i-lever hoist) ukuze uthathe i-slack bese usebenzisa i-pre-tension.
3. Ukucindezela kwangaphambi komshini kufanele kwanele ukubamba umthwalo ungashukumi ngaphansi kokudlidliza okuvamile kokuthutha kodwa akumele kudlule u-50% we-WLL yeketanga ngesikhathi sokucindezela. Ukucindezela ngokweqile kubeka ingcindezi engadingekile ohlelweni futhi kungalimaza umthwalo.
- Ukuvikela Izinhlangothi Ezixegayo: Noma yibuphi ubude beketanga obudlulele kumele buboshwe ukuze kuvinjelwe "i-chain whip" ngesikhathi sokuhamba, okungalimaza impahla noma iketanga ngokwalo.
c) Ukufana kanye nokulinganisela
Kumthwalo osindayo noma onenani eliphezulu, ukuhlelwa kwe-lashing kumele kube okulinganayo. Inani le-lashing kanye ne-engeli yazo (i-engeli ye-lashing) kubalulekile. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-lashing kunciphisa njengoba i-engeli evundlile incipha. Okungcono kakhulu, i-lashing kufanele isondele kakhulu ekuvundleni ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze imelane nokunyakaza okuya phambili.
3. Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ezibalulekile: Okungafanele Ukwenze
Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ukwehluleka okuningi kweketanga akubangelwa yizinkinga zokukhiqiza kodwa ukusetshenziswa kabi. Ukunamathela kulezi zinyathelo zokuqapha ezilandelayo akunakuxoxiswana ngazo.
a) Akukho Ukuphakamisa Okuphezulu
Lona umehluko obaluleke kakhulu. Amaketanga okulenga awaklanyelwe ukuphakamisa ngaphezulu. Ukuphakamisa kuhilela amandla aguquguqukayo angabikezeleki futhi angadlula imikhawulo yokwakheka okungaguquki kwezingxenye zeketanga lokuhamba. Ukusebenzisa iketanga lokulenga esicelweni sokuphakamisa kuwukwephulwa okukhulu kokuphepha.
b) Gwema Ukulayisha Okushaqisayo
Ukujikijela noma ukushayisana okungazelelwe—njengokuqala kweloli ngokuzumayo noma ukushintsha umthwalo kanye “nokuhlwitha” uchungechunge—kungadala amandla adlula kakhulu i-WLL, okuholela ekuqhekekeni okusheshayo. Njalo amaketanga okucindezela abushelelezi.
c) Vikela ekushiseni nasekugugulekeni
- Ukushisa: Insimbi ye-alloy ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okwelashwa ngokushisa uma ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Gwema ukuthintana nezinhlelo zokukhipha ugesi ezishisayo noma izinhlansi zokushisela.
- Ukuguguleka: Ungadonsi amaketanga kukhonkolo noma ezindaweni ezigugulekayo. Lokhu kuqeda izinto zokuxhumanisa, kunciphisa indawo enqamulayo futhi kwenze iketanga libe buthaka.
d) Qaphela Ukusonta Nokugoqana
Iketanga akumele lisetshenziswe esimweni sokusonta. Ukusonta kubangela ukucindezeleka okujiyile okungenzelwanga ukuthi iketanga liphatheke. Ungalokothi usebenzise amafindo ukufinyeza iketanga; sebenzisa i-grab hook ebekwe kahle esixhumini.
e) I-engeli yokulayisha
Uma kusetshenziswa uchungechunge ekubambeni ibhasikidi noma ekuhleleni imilenze eminingi, amandla emlenzeni ngamunye ayanda njengoba i-engeli evela phezulu ikhula. Le "sling angle factor" kumele ibalwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mlenze owodwa ogcwele ngokweqile.
4. Izindlela Zokufaka Esikhundleni: Nini Ukuthatha Umhlalaphansi Ku-Chain
Amaketanga ayizinto ezigugile. Anesikhathi esinqunyiwe sokusebenza. Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa iketanga eligugile noma elonakele kuwumdlalo ophephile. Iketanga kumele lisuswe ngokushesha ekusetshenzisweni bese lishintshwa uma kulandelwa noma yimiphi yale mibandela elandelayo:
a) Ukuguquka
- Ukwelulwa: Kala uchungechunge ngobude obuthile (isb., izixhumanisi eziyi-10). Uma ubude obulinganisiwe budlula incazelo yomenzi (ngokuvamile ukunwetshwa okungu-3-5%), uchungechunge selunwebekile futhi lulahlekelwe ubuqotho balo bokuphathwa ngokushisa. Lesi yisibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokwehluleka okulindile.
- Izixhumanisi Ezigobile Noma Ezisontekile: Noma yisiphi isixhumanisi esibonakala sigobile endaweni yaso yokuqala sibonisa isenzakalo sokulayisha ngokweqile.
b) Ukuguga Nokulahlekelwa Yingxenye
- Ukugqokwa Ema-Bearing Points: Kala ububanzi besixhumanisi ezindaweni lapho izixhumanisi zithintana khona. Uma ububanzi bugugile ngaphezu kuka-10% (bheka imininingwane yomkhiqizi), uchungechunge kumele lushintshwe. Insimbi encane ayikwazi ukusekela umthwalo olinganisiwe.
- Ukugoqa kanye nokugoqa: Ama-nick ajulile adala amaphuzu okugxila ekucindezelekeni lapho imifantu ingaqala khona.
c) Isimo Somphezulu
- Imifantu: Ngisho nemifantu yezinwele ebusweni besixhumanisi iyisizathu sokwenqatshwa ngokushesha.
- Ukugqwala Okukhulu: Ukugqwala ngenxa yokugqwala kungasebenza njengokuphakamisa ukucindezeleka. Uma ubuso bunemigodi ejulile, uchungechunge luyaphazamiseka.
d) Isimo Sehadiwe
- Ama-hook: Buyisela ama-hook uma umphimbo ugobile noma uvuleke ngaphezu kuka-15%, noma uma kukhona ukuguguleka okubonakalayo esihlalweni se-hook.
e) Idatha Engekho Noma Engafundeki
Uma uphawu lwebanga lomkhiqizi noma ithegi ye-WLL ingekho, futhi uchungechunge lungakwazi ukuhlonza kahle, kumele lususwe ekusetshenzisweni. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuphephile lokho ongakwazi ukukubona.
Amaketanga okuboshwa nokuboshwabangabaqaphi abathule bokuphepha kwempahla. Kwa-SCIC, siqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa—insimbi yethu yomsindo—kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zobuqotho bensimbi. Ngokuhlola okuqinile nokuhlola, siletha izintambo ongazethemba.
Kodwa-ke, sinxusa bonke abaqhubi nabathengi ukuba bakhumbule ukuthi uchungechunge luthembeke kuphela njengemikhuba ezungeze ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Ngokuhlonipha umkhawulo womthwalo wokusebenza, ukunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokusebenza, kanye nokunamathela ezindinganisweni eziqinile zokufaka esikhundleni, udala isiko lokuphepha elivikela impilo yabantu, elilondoloza imithwalo ebizayo, futhi eliqinisekisa ukuthi uhambo ngalunye luphela ngempumelelo.
Ukuze uthole imininingwane yobuchwepheshe noma ukubonisana ngochungechunge olufanele lwesicelo sakho, xhumana nathiI-SCICnamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-14-2026
